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Karl Ferdinand Braun

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For the German politician and writer, see Karl Braun (politician).

Karl Ferdinand Braun
Braun in 1909
Born(1850-06-06)6 June 1850
Fulda, Electorate of Hesse, German Confederation
Died20 April 1918(1918-04-20) (aged 67)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Marburg
University of Berlin (PhD)
Occupations
  • Engineer
  • inventor
Known for
AwardsNobel Prize in Physics (1909)
Engineering career
DisciplineElectrical engineering
Employer(s)Telefunken
Significant advanceRadio
Television
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Institutions
Doctoral advisorAugust Kundt
Georg Hermann Quincke
Doctoral studentsLeonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam
Albert Schweizer
Ferdinand Braun's birthplace in Fulda

Karl Ferdinand Braun (/ˈbraʊn/ BROWN; German: [ˈkaʁl ˈfɛʁdinant ˈbʁaʊn] ⓘ; 6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German electrical engineer, physicist and inventor. Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio when he invented the phased array antenna in 1905,[1][2] which led to the development of radar, smart antennas and MIMO. He built the first cathode-ray tube, which led to the development of television. He also built the first semiconductor.

Braun shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". He was a founder of Telefunken, one of the pioneering communications and television companies,[3] and has been called the "father of television" (shared with inventors like Paul Gottlieb Nipkow), the "great grandfather of every semiconductor ever manufactured"[4] and a co-father of radio telegraphy, together with Marconi.[5][6][7][8]

Biography

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Braun was born in Fulda, Germany, and educated at the University of Marburg and received a PhD from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874, he discovered in Leipzig while he was working there as a secondary school teacher in the Thomasschule, that a point-contact metal–semiconductor junction rectifies alternating current.[9] He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895.

In 1897, he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode-ray tube oscilloscope.[10] The CRT became the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television, being a part of every TV, computer and any other screen set up till the introduction of the LCD screen at the end of the 20th century.[11] It is still mostly called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries (Braunsche Röhre) and other countries such as Korea (브라운관: Buraun-kwan) and Japan (ブラウン管: Buraun-kan).

During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. In 1897, Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers.[12][13] His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Around 1898, he invented a crystal detector [citation needed]. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals.[14] In 1899, he would apply for the patent Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces.[15] Also in 1899, he is said to have applied for a patent on Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils [citation needed].

Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance.

Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal.[16] This invention led to the development of radar, smart antennas, and MIMO.

Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents. Guglielmo Marconi used Braun's patents (among others). Marconi would later admit to Braun himself that he had "borrowed" portions of Braun's work [citation needed]. In 1909, Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899, Braun, accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea. On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with the island of Heligoland over a distance of 62 km. Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service.

Braun went to the United States at the beginning of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war) to be a witness for the defense in a lawsuit regarding a patent claim by the Marconi Corporation against the wireless station of Telefunken at Sayville, New York. After the US entered the war, Braun was detained, but could move freely within Brooklyn, New York. Braun died in his house in Brooklyn, before the war ended in 1918.[17][18]

Inventions and theories

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Braun Tube

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Braun's original cold-cathode CRT, the Braun tube, 1897

The enduring fame of Ferdinand Braun is largely due to his invention of the cathode ray tube, which is still commonly referred to as the "Braun tube." Today, the term typically refers to a high-vacuum tube in which an electron beam can be deflected in both horizontal and vertical directions. The first version, developed in Strasbourg in 1897, was far from perfect. It featured a cold cathode and a moderate vacuum, which required a 100,000 V acceleration voltage to produce a visible trace of the magnetically deflected beam. Furthermore, magnetic deflection affected only one direction, while the other was controlled by a rotating mirror placed in front of the phosphorescent screen. However, industry immediately recognized the potential of the invention, leading to its further development. By 1899, Braun's assistant Jonathan Zenneck introduced oscillations to magnetically control the Y deflection, and later improvements included the addition of a heated cathode, a Wehnelt cylinder, and high-vacuum technology. This tube was not only used for oscilloscopes but also, for the first time in 1930 by Manfred von Ardenne, became a fundamental component in the first fully electronic television transmission, as a picture tube for television sets, although Braun himself had considered it unsuitable for television.

See more: Cathode ray tube

Radio Receiver

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An early resonant transformer invented by Braun used in the coherer radio receivers in wireless telegraphy radio systems made by the Telefunken company in 1903.

Following the invention of his tube, Braun also began researching in the field of wireless telegraphy. A key issue in early radio technology was the development of a reliable receiver. Braun, as a physicist, was accustomed to working under reproducible experimental conditions, which the commonly used coherer receivers at the time failed to meet. He replaced the coherer with a crystal detector,[19][20] which greatly improved the sensitivity of the receiver, although the crystal detector required frequent re-adjustment. It was only later that the electron tube replaced the crystal detector, although devices like germanium diodes continued to be used in simpler receivers for some time. The first FM radar systems still employed a crystal detector.[21]

In late 1898, the technology was commercialized when the chocolate manufacturer from Cologne, Ludwig Stollwerck, founded a consortium to exploit Braun's patents, contributing 560,000 marks in capital. After the successful transmission of signals over longer distances, the consortium was transformed into the "Professor Braun’s Telegraphy Company," which eventually became Telefunken AG, set up the first world-wide network of communications[22] and was the first in the world to sell electronic televisions with cathode-ray tubes, in Germany in 1934.[23][24]. In 1900, Stollwerck facilitated contact with Professor August Raps, head of the Siemens & Halske Telegraph Construction Company, which later took over the development of the apparatus.

See more: Crystal detector

Radio Transmitter

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Braun's two ciruits to send and receive
24 September 1900: Bargman, Braun and telegraphist at wireless station in Heligoland

Braun also made significant contributions to radio transmission technology. While Guglielmo Marconi had developed his transmitter primarily through empirical methods, Braun was able to improve it by focusing on the underlying physics. Originally, the resonant and antenna circuits were combined, but Braun separated them into two parts: a primary circuit consisting of a capacitor and spark gap, and an antenna circuit inductively coupled to it.[25] This innovation allowed for greater energy transmission in the system.

By 1898, the resulting powerful systems made the term "long-distance telegraphy" more appropriate, as the maximum range, previously limited to 20 km, steadily increased. On September 24, 1900, a radio link was successfully established between Cuxhaven and Helgoland over a distance of 62 km.[26] On December 12, 1901, Marconi received radio signals at his station in Poldhu, Cornwall, at Signal Hill in St. Johns, Newfoundland, using a transmitter designed in Braun's circuit. Whether this reception actually occurred remains debated in the literature.

Meanwhile, Braun attempted to replace the spark-gap transmitter, which produced damped oscillations, with AC generators that generated undamped oscillations, though he was unable to implement a feedback loop using electron tubes at the time.

A Braun mobile station (1903)

Together with Georg Graf von Arco and Adolf Slaby, Braun was part of the team that developed the concept for "mobile stations for wireless telegraphy for military purposes," which in 1903 led to a practical implementation by AEG and Siemens & Halske. The system consisted of two horse-drawn wagons: one with all the transmitting and receiving equipment, including a battery, and the other with auxiliary and reserve supplies. This allowed the wagons to be separated in difficult terrain, as the station could still operate with just the front wagon.[27]

See more:Wireless telegraphy

Antennas

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Braun also focused on early problems in directional radio—the alignment of transmitting and receiving antennas. He was among the first to achieve directed radiation and optimized antenna performance through calculations.[28][29]

Braun’s Electroscope Braun is also credited with the invention of the pointer electroscope, which was named after him.[30]

SID Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize

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In 1987 the Society for Information Display created the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize, awarded for an outstanding technical achievement in display technology.[31]

Patents

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See also

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References

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Footnotes
  1. ^ "Ferdinand Braun: Father of the Phased Array & CRT - Mini-Circuits Blog". blog.minicircuits.com. 11 March 2024.
  2. ^ Heald, George; McKean, John; Pizzo, Roberto (2018). Low Frequency Radio Astronomy and the LOFAR Observatory. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 9783319234342.
  3. ^ "The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history". 2 March 2014.
  4. ^ "The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history". 2 March 2014.
  5. ^ "Mit Nobelpreisträger Karl Ferdinand Braun begann das Fernsehzeitalter". Die Welt. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  6. ^ Peter Russer (2009). "Ferdinand Braun — A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics". 2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC). pp. 547–554. doi:10.23919/EUMC.2009.5296324. ISBN 978-1-4244-4748-0. S2CID 34763002.
  7. ^ Rundfunk, Bayerischer (20 April 2018). "Karl Ferdinand Braun: Der Wegbereiter des Fernsehens | BR Wissen". Br.de. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  8. ^ "Siegeszug des Fernsehens: Vor 125 Jahre kam die Braunsche Röhre zur Welt". Geo.de. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  9. ^ Braun, F. (1874), "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" [On current conduction through metal sulfides], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 153 (4): 556–563, Bibcode:1875AnP...229..556B, doi:10.1002/andp.18752291207
  10. ^ Ferdinand Braun (1897) "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufs variabler Ströme" (On a process for the display and study of the course in time of variable currents), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 3rd series, 60 : 552–559.
  11. ^ "The Simple Invention That Made Television Possible".
  12. ^ In Germany he was called the "wireless wizard" and was credited there with having done more than any one else to perfect control of the new system of communication.
  13. ^ Patent DRP 111788. 1989.
  14. ^ The Wireless Age, Volume 5. Page 709 – 713.
  15. ^ The Electrical engineer, Volume 23. Page 159
  16. ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun – Nobel Lecture: Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy" p. 239. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 28 September 2013.
  17. ^ Peter Russer. "Ferdinand Braun – A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics" (PDF). Emeriti-of-excellence.tum.de. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  18. ^ "Ferdinand Braun | German physicist". Britannica.com. 2 June 2023.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Seitz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Braun, F. (1874), "Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle" [On current conduction through metal sulfides], Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German), 153 (4): 556–563, Bibcode:1875AnP...229..556B, doi:10.1002/andp.18752291207
  21. ^ https://mwsherman.com/fmonly/fm_only_lowtech.html
  22. ^ "The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history". History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference etf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ 1934–35 Telefunken, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  25. ^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-17685-3_3
  26. ^ Ferdinand Braun: Drahtlose Telegraphie durch Wasser und Luft. Veit & Comp., Leipzig 1901. Reprint: Severus-Verlag, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-942382-02-1.
  27. ^ Die drahtlose Telegraphie im Armeedienste: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, year 1903, p. 296 (Online bei ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/zfe
  28. ^ Funkentelegraphie und -telephonie. Über den Ersatz offener Strombahnen durch geschlossene in der drahtlosen Telegraphie: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, year 1914, p. 781 (Online bei ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/emb
  29. ^ Funkentelegraphie und -telephonie. Zur Berechnung von Antennen. In: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, Year 1915, p. 149 (Online bei ANNO)Template:ANNO/Maintenance/emb
  30. ^ Sven H. Pfleger: Aus dem Physiksaal: Grundlagen und Experimente der klassischen Schulphysik, p. 172. Partially available online at Google Books
  31. ^ "Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize". Society for Information Display. 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
General
  • K.F. Braun: "On the current conduction in metal sulphides (title translated from German into English)", Ann. Phys. Chem., 153 (1874), 556. (In German) An English translation can be found in Semiconductor Devices: Pioneering Papers, edited by S.M. Sze, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991, pp. 377–380.
  • Keller, Peter A.: The Cathode-Ray Tube: Technology, History, and Applications. New York: Palisades Press, 1991. ISBN 0-9631559-0-3.
  • Keller, Peter A.: "The 100th Anniversary of the Cathode-Ray Tube," Information Display, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1997, pp. 28–32.
  • F. Kurylo, Ferdinand Braun Leben und Wirken des Erfinders der Braunschen Röhre Nobelpreis 1909, Munich: Moos Verlag, 1965. (In German)
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